Step one: find the edge
Nothing useful happens until we know what is already understood. So the first question is diagnostic rather than instructional — What part of this already makes sense to you?
An answer of "I don't know" is a perfectly good answer here. It is information, and it narrows the search immediately.
Step two: test the reasoning, not the answer
A right answer and a lucky answer look identical. The second question separates them: What would have to be true for your answer to be wrong?
This is the step most tutoring skips, and it is the one that decides whether anything transfers to the next problem.
Step three: work it aloud
Understanding gets built by working a problem aloud, then explaining the reasoning to someone else without notes. Saying reasoning out loud exposes the gaps that silent reading hides — including to the person doing the reasoning.
Where a step cannot be justified, that is the step to work on. Everything else can wait.
Step four: check it held
The same idea is returned to later in an unfamiliar form. If it survives that, it was understood; if it does not, we know precisely where it broke.
Across fractions and scientific reasoning alike, this is the step that turns a good session into a durable one.
What you should notice
After a few sessions the change worth watching for is the student starts asking their own next question before being prompted.
At that point a student is running the method rather than receiving it, which is the whole intention.